International Academic Journal of Physical Education
The International Academic Journal of Physical Education is an independent scientific publication that specializes in physical activity, school pedagogical practice, sports training, sports administration, leisure, recreation, biomechanics, exercise physiology and other knowledge that can enrich epistemology in education. physical. The journal uses the double-blind evaluation system and is open access (Open Access) for all readers, it has an uninterrupted bimonthly periodicity, sharing original research, essays, reviews and relevant practice experiences, promoting the opportunity for appropriation social knowledge in researchers, teachers and students. The publications are made mainly in Spanish, depending on the relevance of the article, it is possible in the languages of Portuguese and English. Articles with academic impact will have personalized advice with the editors of the journal for the respective publication, being of academic interest the collaboration and dissemination in the various search engines so that the authors have greater visibility in the articles at a national and international level. The International Academic Journal of Physical Education is licensed under the CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 license. The contents of the magazine are free access or Open Access, so the commitment is the gratuity of knowledge and the exchange of knowledge from a global perspective. The copyright will belong to the same researchers or academics who wrote the manuscript. The cordial invitation is made to the members of the academic community to participate in the publication of articles, the Journal has a permanent reception of writings. The magazine is endorsed and developed by the International Scientific Association of Physical Education. Prefijo DOI: 10.59614 Online ISSN: 2745-1887
Asociación Científica Internacional de Educación Física
International Academic Journal of Physical Education, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source is credited.
a Physical activity level among university students of physical culture, Puebla
University students engage in a variety of academic activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of physical activity among physical education students at BUAP (Autonomous University of Puebla). A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability sample of 91 eighth-semester students (54 male and 37 female). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version, was administered. This questionnaire assesses physical activity levels, categorizing them as high, moderate, and low, using metabolic rate (METs). The study aimed to determine the level of physical activity among BUAP physical education students. The results indicate that the majority of students (80.21%) have a high level of activity, while 15.38% have a moderate level. The high level observed is considered relevant to the degree program's profile, as students are expected to learn about and practice sports-related subjects. No previous studies on this topic exist.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moctezuma de Jesus Toxqui Tlaxcalteca, Miguel Ángel González Nava, Gabriel Cuautle Corona, Jonathan Alan Villanueva Huerta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Virtual and Augmented Reality in University Sports Pedagogy: A Systematic Review
The integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) into university-level sports pedagogy training has gained increasing visibility in scientific literature, yet there is no rigorous synthesis integrating the available evidence for this specific field. This study presents a systematic literature review following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, aiming to analyze the state of knowledge regarding the use of VR/AR in university sports pedagogy programs, based on literature published in Scopus between 2015 and 2025. The initial search yielded 263 records, of which nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The results reveal that AR predominates over VR within the corpus (five studies versus two), with four pedagogical approaches identified: simulated and immersive practice, automated biomechanical feedback, visualization of technical content, and simulation of teaching scenarios. Eight of the nine studies report high or moderate pedagogical efficacy, with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.52 to d = 1.02. However, the corpus reveals significant methodological limitations: a predominance of small samples, a lack of longitudinal follow-up, a dispersion of theoretical frameworks, and an absence of Latin American contexts. The study concludes that, while VR and AR constitute pedagogically viable tools for university sports training, the existing evidence remains nascent and requires further research characterized by greater methodological rigor, diverse samples, and explicit theoretical-pedagogical frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wilson Montes Reyna, Jorge Maza-Córdova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
La danza como estrategia pedagógica para mejorar la atención en niños de transición
This educational intervention article aims to analyze how dance, implemented through a series of strategies, contributes to improving the attention of kindergarten students at the Baby's Home Preschool in the city of Barranquilla. Prior to this intervention, an investigative process was carried out regarding the problem situation identified, which involved observing the children, interviewing teachers, reflecting, and formulating the proposal. The problem addressed in this research has become evident throughout the school year, during which it has been observed that the children face difficulties in maintaining order, frequently make mistakes during classes, lose personal items, and show a lack of interest in tasks and games— actions that indicate they experience attention difficulties. The study was conducted from a qualitative perspective, following the guidelines of descriptive and projective research. In this regard, information was gathered from different sources, such as teacher interviews and children observations, which were subsequently analyzed for the design of a pedagogical strategy aimed at improving attention in kindergarten children at the Baby’s Home Educational Center in the city of Barranquilla. Following the design of the proposal, its implementation is carried out through an intervention in which dance will be used as a guiding tool and a source of support to improve attention in a fun and meaningful way for these children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramiro Cardona, Karina Acosta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Influence of overlying soft tissue thickness on tensiomyographic parameters
Introduction. Tensiomyography (TMG) is a widely used technique for assessing the contractile mechanical properties of superficial muscles. Although overlying soft tissue morphology is assumed to influence TMG outcomes, few studies have examined the effect of superficial soft tissue thickness on tensiomyographic measurements. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of overlying soft tissue thickness (OSTT) on tensiomyographic parameters of lower-limb muscles in healthy adults. Methods. A total of 109 physically active adults of both sexes were assessed (39 women; age = 37 ± 19 years; BMI = 25.4 ± 3.8 kg/m²), of whom 45.8% were classified as overweight or obese. Tensiomyographic parameters (Dm, Tc, Td, Ts, and Tr) were recorded from the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles. OSTT was determined by ultrasound at the same anatomical measurement site. Associations between variables were analyzed using inferential statistics and Spearman’s correlations (p < 0.05). Results. Significant, albeit weak, correlations were observed between OSTT and Tc in both muscles (RF: ρ = 0.288, p < 0.002; BF: ρ = 0.427; p = 0.019) and between OSTT and Dm in the RF only (ρ = -0.321; p < 0.001). No significant associations were found for the remaining parameters. Conclusions. These findings suggest that overlying soft tissue thickness may act as a modulating factor of the TMG signal, selectively affecting specific variables in a muscle-dependent manner. Considering this factor may improve the interpretation of TMG results and reduce potential biases associated with superficial tissue composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrés Parodi, Carol Torres, Carlos Magallanes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
w Ejercicio e inmunidad humana en adolescentes (12-18 años): biomarcadores, diferencias de sexo y evidencia de estudios mexicanos e internacionales: una revisión narrativa
Propósito: Sintetizar la evidencia mecanicista y clínica que vincula el ejercicio con la modulación inmunitaria, destacar indicadores clave de laboratorio y clínicos, y resumir los datos en adolescentes (12–18 años), incluidas las diferencias por sexo y la evidencia de México frente a estudios internacionales. Métodos: Revisión narrativa centrada en metaanálisis/revisiones sistemáticas y estudios primarios que reportan biomarcadores inmunitarios (subconjuntos de leucocitos, IgA salival, inmunoglobulinas, citocinas/interleucinas) en relación con la intensidad y el volumen del ejercicio en población joven. Resultados: La evidencia consistente indica que el ejercicio moderado y regular mejora la vigilancia inmunitaria y el equilibrio antiinflamatorio, lo que se refleja en la movilización transitoria de células NK y células T, mayores niveles de IgA salival y menores marcadores inflamatorios crónicos (p. ej., PCR, TNF-α) en jóvenes entrenados frente a sedentarios (1–5,8–12). Una carga excesiva con recuperación insuficiente se asocia con señales de susceptibilidad a corto plazo (p. ej., reducción de la IgA salival) y una mayor carga de enfermedad en algunas cohortes de atletas (3,9,15,26). Las diferencias por sexo durante la adolescencia pueden incluir respuestas humorales más fuertes en mujeres y una mayor movilización de células citotóxicas en varones, mediadas en parte por hormonas puberales (18–20). La evidencia procedente de México sigue siendo limitada, pero coincide con los patrones internacionales, especialmente cuando se evalúan obesidad/inflamación y niveles de actividad (28–30). Conclusiones: El ejercicio es un potente inmunomodulador dependiente de la dosis en adolescentes. El entrenamiento periodizado con recuperación adecuada optimiza los resultados inmunitarios; es esencial el tamizaje de enfermedad aguda, deficiencia energética y sobrecarga (overreaching) en el deporte juvenil.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evolución de la Educación Física en Paraguay (1942–1994)
El Presente artículo analiza la evolución de la Educación Física en Paraguay entre 1942 y 1994, destacando su profesionalización, institucionalización y proyección internacional. Se examinan los hitos fundamentales, como la creación de la Escuela Nacional de Educación Física (ENEF), la participación de la Misión Militar Brasileña de Instrucción, la formación de docentes especializados, la constitución de organismos estatales y la vinculación con la Federación Internacional de Educación Física (FIEP). El estudio evidencia cómo estas acciones consolidaron la disciplina dentro del sistema educativo paraguayo, fortaleciendo la formación técnica, pedagógica y cultural de los profesionales. Además, se identifican retrocesos, como la Reforma Educativa de 1992, que afectó la supervisión y la profesionalización docente. Los resultados muestran que la Educación Física en Paraguay se desarrolló mediante la combinación de tradición cultural, innovación pedagógica e institucionalización, sentando las bases para su proyección internacional y su consolidación como disciplina moderna.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nestor Figueredo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Body and affective instrumentalization in contemporary spiritual illness
This article addresses spiritual illness as a metaclinical phenomenon that transcends traditional biopsychosocial models, situating it at the intersection of the constitutive and the pathological in contemporary human experience. Drawing on contributions from phenomenology and logotherapy, especially in dialogue with Scheler and Frankl, it argues that the spiritual dimension constitutes the core of freedom, self-transcendence, and meaning-making. Its blockage gives rise to specific forms of suffering that cannot be reduced to the psychophysical realm. Within this framework, affective instrumentalization is examined as a pathology of our time, characterized by the dissociation between sex and love and by the reduction of the other to a means for the satisfaction of impulses. This phenomenon entails a transformation of corporeality insofar as the body ceases to be lived as a space of intersubjective encounter and becomes instead a functional, consumable object. From the field of physical education and the formation of corporeality, it is argued that this reduction impoverishes the body’s formative experience, weakening its potential as a site of meaning, responsibility, and recognition of the other. Finally, it is proposed that overcoming spiritual illness requires a reconfiguration of individual and social practices, as well as the development of pedagogical and therapeutic approaches that restore the existential dimension of the body and foster authentic, ethically committed relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Viviana Andrea Arboleda Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Neurophenomenology in the second decade of the 21st century: a systematic review
Neurophenomenology has established itself as an interdisciplinary research program, aimed at integrating first-person experience with findings from empirical studies of nervous system activity. Objective: To analyze recent empirical evidence in neurophenomenology, identifying the main lines of research, the methodologies used and the emerging trends in the integration between phenomenology, neuroscience and consciousness. Methodology: The review was developed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The inclusion criteria included empirical studies published between 2021 and 2026, which integrated first-person experiential reports with measurements. The source of information was the Web of Science (WoS) database, consulted between January 1 and February 20, 2026 using the descriptor "Neurophenomenology". We assessed risk of bias using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The results were synthesized through a structured narrative synthesis. Results: The search yielded 443 records, of which 166 met the temporal criterion. 128 studies were assessed for eligibility and 15 met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed that emerging lines of research focus on meditation and self-awareness; mind wandering, empathy and social cognition; hypnosis and pain; as well as psychopathology of the self and altered states of consciousness, integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques. Discussion: Although the field continues with a remarkable methodological heterogeneity, there is a growing empirical consolidation of neurophenomenology as a research framework that articulates first-person lived experience and neural activity in the study of consciousness.
Capillaroscopy as a proposed real-time screening tool for the detection ofsubstances of abuse
Systemic intoxication of exogenous origin has diverse origins and exposomes, one of which has gained prominence in recent years due to the rise in the consumption of substances of abuse and/or addiction, which is now a serious health problem in many societies. Detecting the use of these substances is increasingly difficult, and technically there is no non-invasive test for real-time detection. Furthermore, individuals who use and abuse these substances have found numerous ways to evade detection, from sample swapping to high levels of corruption. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish a new anti-doping approach through the implementation of capillaroscopy testing. This non-invasive, real-time, low-cost, and high-impact test allows for the identification of these substances without using any bodily fluids. Methodology: As part of a systematic study of systemic intoxication, a literature review was conducted using the big data platform of the System for the Application of Techniques for Metabolic Diagnosis (ATDM System). This multicenter, multi-country clinical protocol, implemented with over 6,200 participants, allows for the collection of extensive data, including the identification of substances of abuse. Results: Capillaroscopy has successfully identified various substances of abuse, and this article describes capillaroscopy as a real-time anti-doping method. Conclusions: The use of capillaroscopy as an anti-doping method is a disruptive new technique that allows for the real-time detection of substances of abuse and/or addiction. This opens a new methodology for evidence-based medicine and its implementation in areas such as sports medicine, occupational medicine, and the epidemiology of addictions, thus enabling the development of a preventive, predictive, and rehabilitative model
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Victor Alfonso Abuadili Garza, Dra. Valery Cruz Monrroy, Psic. Mónica García Súchil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Empathy in seventh-grade adolescents in four public schools in Manizales
Currently, in the contexts where adolescents interact, aggressive behaviors have become widespread. Different authors have reported that prosocial behaviors, including empathy, contribute to reduce these behaviors. For this reason, this research was carried out with the objective of knowing the level of empathy in adolescents attending four official schools in Manizales. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study of descriptive scope was carried out. The sample consisted of 286 students (149 males and 137 females), in seventh grade, from four public schools in the city of Manizales. To evaluate empathy, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was applied. The mean of the empathy scale of the total sample was 2.91, with a slightly higher score for females (2.99) than for males (2.83). They also scored higher in empathic concern, perspective taking and personal distress, with no significant difference. The findings suggest a possible association with parenting factors and cultural stereotypes regarding gender and emotional expression, which have been reflected in the empathetic behaviour of girls and aggressive tendencies in boys, an aspect that should be explored in analytical or longitudinal studies. Empathy is a factor that contributes to good group functioning and contributes to the reduction of aggressive behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariela Narváez Marín, Gloria Inés Calvo Mejía https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Family Violence: Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review
Family violence constitutes a phenomenon of multiple forms and dimensions that merits ongoing investigation, as advacements in its understanding allow for interventions aimed at reducing its alarming prevalence. In coherence with this, the purpose of this article is to conduct a bibliometric identification and analysis of scientific production of Family Violence within the SCOPUS database, without setting a time window. A total of 1712 documents were found, analyzing publications trends by year, journal, institutions, countries, and authors. Network and bibliographic coupling analyses were also performed, leading to the conclusion that while production is increasing, it is concentrated in English - speaking countries, indicating that the majority of research is in English. Regarding trends, family violence is considered a cause of other societal issues and problems, particularly mental health disorders and criminal behaviors. The most studied types of family violence are child abuse and intimate partner violence, with less attention given to elder abuse. While there is a noted research trend towards evaluating intervention programs , further resarch is needed to formulate new contextual and effective strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Paula Vanessa Sanchez Agudelo, Mg Jose Alejandro Prieto Montoya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Factorial Structure and Sex Invariance of the Global Stress Scale in Peruvian Athletes
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure and sex invariance of the Global Stress Scale (EGS) in Peruvian athletes. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 1176 Peruvian athletes from various disciplines (soccer, volleyball, marathon, and functional fitness), with a sex distribution of 690 men (58.7%) and 486 women (41.3%). Participants' ages ranged from 21 to 46 years (M = 33.61, SD = 5.73). The Global Stress Scale (EGS) by Cohen was used. The EGS showed a Cronbach's alpha of .89 and an omega coefficient of .82, indicating high internal reliability. Results: The bidimensional model showed an adequate fit, with a χ²/df of 2.07, an RMSEA of .045, and an SRMR of .032. The CFI and TLI indices were .94 and .92, respectively. Additionally, factorial invariance was calculated for the bidimensional model by sex, demonstrating that the EGS maintains measurement invariance by sex. Conclusions: The results indicate that the Global Stress Scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring stress in Peruvian athletes, maintaining its factorial structure and sex invariance. This highlights the applicability of the EGS in a specific sports context, considering the unique cultural, social, and environmental challenges and pressures faced by Peruvian athletes.
Copyright (c) 2021 Juan Soza-Herrera, Yandir Hernandez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Background and initial formalization of Physical Education in Paraguay
This review article analyzes the historical and cultural background of Physical Education in Paraguay, from the physical practices of indigenous peoples to the beginning of its state institutionalization in the mid-20th century. Using a qualitative methodology of documentary review, primary sources such as legal provisions, institutional documents, and educational reforms are examined, as well as secondary sources of a historical and academic nature. The study identifies a progressive process of formalization, beginning with ancestral physical practices linked to Guarani community life, continuing with the first curricular attempts of the 19th century, and consolidated in the first decades of the 20th century through school gymnastics, the influence of hygiene, and the creation of state agencies. The role of pioneering educational institutions, the influence of the Swedish gymnastics system, and key figures in the systematic incorporation of physical movement into school education are highlighted. The results allow us to understand this period as a foundational stage for Physical Education in Paraguay, laying the groundwork for its subsequent professionalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nestor Figueredo, Germán Martínez, Carolina Nieva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Suicidal Ideation Research in Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review
Suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour constitute major public health concerns and represent key predictors of suicide, particularly in psychiatric hospital settings and during the post-discharge period. Evidence consistently indicates that suicide risk remains elevated after discharge from psychiatric hospitalisation, especially among adolescents and young adults. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize empirical evidence on suicidal ideation in hospital contexts, with a specific focus on predictors, trajectories, and post-hospitalisation outcomes. A systematic search was conducted using the Web of Science database with the keywords “suicidal ideation” and “hospitalisation,” applying filters for open-access articles published in English over the last two decades. From an initial pool of 718 records, 50 studies met inclusion criteria based on relevance, methodological rigor, and direct focus on suicidal ideation or suicidal behaviour in inpatient or post-discharge contexts. The results indicate that suicidal ideation following hospitalisation follows heterogeneous longitudinal trajectories, with chronic and persistent patterns conferring the highest risk for suicide attempts and rehospitalisation. Key risk factors include hopelessness, emotional dysregulation, prior suicide attempts, trauma exposure, and adverse psychosocial environments, whereas family connectedness and continuity of care emerge as protective factors. The discussion underscores that psychiatric hospitalisation may temporarily stabilize acute crises while shifting vulnerability to the post-discharge phase, highlighting discharge as a critical intervention point. In conclusion, suicide risk after psychiatric hospitalisation is a dynamic and multidimensional process. Effective prevention requires sustained and temporally responsive strategies that extend beyond hospitalisation and integrate clinical, psychosocial, and emerging digital approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Viviana Andrea Arboleda Sánchez, Esteban Salazar Cardona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The quality of university sports services for female students: an analysis from agender perspective
The study analyzes the quality of university sports services based on the perceptions of female undergraduate students at a Mexican public university, incorporating a gender perspective. The research design corresponds to a non‑experimental, descriptive, and cross‑sectional study with a quantitative approach, applied to 211 women users of the central sports facility. The data collection technique was an online structured survey, and the CECASDEP questionnaire was used, which assesses facilities, equipment, staff, programs, and activities, complementary services, and customer service, showing high internal reliability (α = 0.862–0.975). Among the main findings, the data reveal a generally positive perception, with higher mean scores in sports facilities (M = 4.32) and programs and activities (M = 4.27), followed by staff (M = 4.15) and complementary services (M = 4.08), while equipment and customer service show medium values (M = 3.74). Regarding the correlation analysis, the five dimensions of the instrument are positively and significantly correlated, highlighting areas for improvement in sports equipment and customer service (M = 3.74). It is concluded that the high ratings for facilities, programs and staff performance demonstrate an institutional commitment to students’ well‑being and holistic development; however, the lower scores in sports equipment and customer service underscore the need to strengthen infrastructure and communication processes with a more inclusive approach that is sensitive to the specific needs of women users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isela Guadalupe Ramos Carranza, Ciria Salazar, Claudia Prado-Meza, Carmen Peña-Vargas, Emilio Gerzain Manzo Lozano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Paths, trajectories and traces: specialized psychomotricity professionals in Chile, 2000-2021
The objective of this research was to determine the number of Chilean professionals specialized in psychomotricity through postgraduate and post-degree programs offered in Chile between 2000 and 2021. Methodologically, a quantitative approach with a descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. The data collection process integrated official records published by Chile's Ministry of Education, the administration of a questionnaire, and triangulation with specialized academic literature. The results reveal a total of 1.329 professionals trained by seven national institutions, including five private universities and two training centers. Of this total, 1.191 correspond to diploma programs, 89 to postgraduate certificates and 49 to master's degree programs. It is concluded that specialization in psychomotricity in Chile during the analyzed period has shown sustained but heterogeneous development, characterized by the predominance of private institutions that have responded to a growing educational demand. The study offers an updated and methodologically substantiated database, constituting an original contribution to understanding the disciplinary development of psychomotricity in Chile and a starting point for future longitudinal and comparative analyses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Héctor Vallejos-Sanhuza, Tatiana Gurovich-Pinto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pre-competitive anxiety in footballers: a scope review
Pre-competitive anxiety was defined as an emotional experience felt by athletes in the moments leading up to a competition, characterized by a feeling of intense pressure that could manifest hours, days, or even weeks before the event, increasing as the competition date approached. The objective of this scoping review was to describe the recent scientific evidence on pre-competitive anxiety in soccer players, identifying its associated factors, assessment methods, and psychological intervention strategies. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the search was conducted in the PubMed, Redalyc, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases, including only articles published between 2020 and 2025 that directly addressed the topic. Meta-analyses, previous reviews, and theoretical or conceptual texts were excluded, resulting in the selection of 42 studies. 57.14% of the studies focused on men, 21.43% on women, and 21.43% on mixed samples. Only one study included a Paralympic population. Regarding the origin of the samples, Spain predominated (26.8%), followed by Ecuador (17.1%) and Colombia (14.6%). Six thematic categories were identified: pre-competitive emotional dynamics, individual psychological factors, influence of the sporting context, relationship between arousal and performance, psychological training, and measurement of pre-competitive anxiety. It was recommended to broaden the diversity of the samples, include more women and youth athletes, and combine standardized methods such as the CSAI-2 with physiological and qualitative indicators to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and its relationship with other emotions present in sport.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tomas Bedoya, Sebastian Miguel Castillo Salgado, Andres Camilo Delgado Reyes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Homo Luctor: struggle as the foundation of the human condition and the civilizing process
The objective of this philosophical scientific essay is to present a synthesis of the theoretical purpose of Homo luctor – or fighting man –, so to speak, who coexists within each human being, as outlined by descriptive textual research based on a qualitative approach, as defined by Gil (2008). Based on the science of human motricity, this research results from the interpretation of the phenomenon of human movement in the evolutionary course of the human species, in light of physical activity, hominid corporeality, and the innate mechanism of human struggle. Observing the stages of the civilizing process and situating human movement as a facilitator of the development of the human dimensions responsible for leading Homo sapiens to social coexistence, it is centrally concluded that human struggle, unfolded by human movement, is inaugurated as a milestone in human cultural formation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valecio senna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Argumentative techniques in the Physical Education Curriculum in Rio de Janeiro
This article aims to highlight, through discourses and rhetorical genres, the argumentative techniques—among them analogies, including metaphor and metonymy—that are found in the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Department of Education's (SME) Physical Education Curriculum. The methodology used in this research will be based on rhetorical analysis, first presented and formalized by Aristotle in the 5th century and implemented by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, with the new rhetoric, in the Treatise on Argumentation. The triad of communication proposed by rhetoric will be examined, along with the places of preferability that will be highlighted in the text. The results will be presented in the form of arguments and argumentative techniques that will be examined in the text of the Physical Education curriculum of the Rio de Janeiro municipal school system, and above all, will reveal the social representations that will be exposed in light of the arguments and argumentative techniques presented in the legal document.
Copyright (c) 2026 Renata de Melo Cardoso Palmares, Felipe da Silva Triani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Care, illness and lived experience: child development and maternal burden in a context of vulnerability
Neuromuscular disorders in early childhood generate continuous care needs, which implies a profound reorganization of life, especially of the main caregiver. In contexts of social vulnerability, this burden is intensified by the scarcity of support networks and structural barriers in the health system. The aim of this research was to understand the caregiving experience of a mother of a child with neuromuscular disease, analyzing how physical, emotional and functional demands, as well as sociopolitical and economic conditions influence child development, caregiver overload and possibilities of adaptation to the context. A unique case study was developed with a phenomenological-hermeneutical qualitative approach, supported by a quantitative descriptive pretest-posttest component without intervention. The Zarit, PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PedsQL™ scales were applied, in addition to an in-depth interview and collection of narratives for six weeks. The results show sustained mild overload, an increase in mild depressive and anxious symptoms, and affected quality of life, in parallel with an adaptive process marked by the absence of support networks and exclusive responsibility for care. The narratives reveal care as the axis of identity, continuous bodily effort and affective bond as vital support. It is concluded that child development depends directly on the well-being of the caregiver, so state support, community support and the health system must prioritize the care of the caregiver, guaranteeing psychosocial accompaniment, support networks and sustained socioeconomic protection measures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Viviana Arboleda Sánchez, Adriana Cardona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Relationship between psychological well-being and human formation in university students
Psychological well-being is an essential axis in university education, especially in programs where the accompaniment of human suffering requires a solid ethical and existential formation. From Carol Ryff&#39;s model, well-being is conceived as the active development of six dimensions: self-acceptance, positive relationships, autonomy, personal growth, mastery of the environment and life purpose. Objective: To understand the relationship between psychological well-being and human formation processes in university students, identifying the personal, academic and existential factors that favor their integral development and meaning of life. Methodology: Qualitative research with phenomenological-hermeneutical orientation, carried out with 489 students of the Psychology program of the University of Manizales (2017-2024). Structured interviews were used in three time periods and analyzed using ATLAS.ti 25, generating metaparagraphs and interpretative graphs. Results: The findings show three formative moments: (1) self-knowledge and ethical awareness (2017- 2019); (2) resilience and mutual aid during the pandemic (2020-2022); and (3) emotional integration and professional maturity (2023-2024). Personal growth and learning for life are consolidated as transversal axes of the educational process. Discussion: The student experiences confirm the validity of Ryff&#39;s dimensions and his humanist foundations (Rogers, Allport, Maslow, Frankl, Jung, Erikson, Bühler, Neugarten and Jahoda), showing that human formation promotes self-realization, meaning and existential balance. Conclusions: Psychological well-being in the university is configured as a dynamic process of humanization and meaningful learning, where knowledge, emotion and ethics are integrated in the construction of a full and responsible life project.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Benefits of Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review
Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is a form of psychotherapy that uses movement and dance to promote the emotional, cognitive, physical, spiritual, and social integration of the individual. The aim of this article was to identify the effects of DMT in the context of psychotherapy, relating its benefits in emotional, physical, mental and general well-being terms. We examined 177 empirical studies published between 2019 and 2024 on the application of DMT in psychotherapeutic contexts. The results show that DMT is a comprehensive modality that promotes the mind-body connection and facilitates the nonverbal expression of experiences that transcend language. Evidence supports its efficacy in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, as well as in addressing trauma, grief, autism, dementia, and personality disorders. Benefits in general well-being, emotional regulation, body awareness, and social cohesion are reported in both individual and group interventions, and in face-to-face and online (tele-DMT) formats. Although methodological limitations are identified, such as heterogeneity of designs and geographic bias towards Israel and the United States, the findings consolidate DMT as a versatile, culturally adaptable therapeutic intervention with broad potential for development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gined Melo Morales, Diana Fandiño https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Relationship between pennation angle and muscle quality across different age groups
Aging is associated with a decline in muscle quality (MQ). Architectural changes, such as a reduction in the pennation angle (PA), could explain part of this deterioration, although the evidence is contradictory. The present study aimed to compare the MQ of the knee flexor-extensor muscles and the PA of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) in young adults, adults, and older adults. Sixty-six healthy individuals participated (22 per group; young = 22.1 ± 1.6 years; adults = 49.9 ± 8.3 years; older adults = 71.0 ± 6.4 years; balanced distribution by sex). The PA of the RF and BF muscles was measured using ultrasound, along with the maximum isometric strength of knee flexion and extension, and the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA). Specific strength (normalized by ACSA) was calculated as an indicator of MQ Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and correlations between PA and strength using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Significant decreases in muscle mass, isometric strength, and specific strength were observed with age (p < 0.05; d = 0.78–1.74). No significant differences were found in the PA of any of the muscles. No correlations were found between PA and isometric strength for either RF or BF (r = 0.18 and 0.13, respectively; p > 0.05). The findings of the present study suggest that PA is not a sensitive indicator of MQ deterioration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrés Santiago Parodi-Feye, Carol M. Torres, Bruno Andrés Escajal-Ceballos, Carlos Magallanes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social representations of sports practice in Brazil
This study aimed to clarify social representations about sports practice in Brazil, based on a rhetorical analysis of the LGE text. The methodology used was Rhetorical Analysis, from the perspective of New Rhetoric, a technique in which the triad of communication is established when the speaker (Ethos), who is the one speaking, seeks the adherence of the audience (Pathos), who is the one listening, through a discourse (Logos). Therefore, the text of the law uses argumentative techniques to persuade the audience through its arguments. The analysis reveals social representations of sports practice that are preferable but disregard the social reality of sports practitioners in Brazil. Using argumentative techniques, the speaker, through an eloquent and persuasive discourse, seeks the support of a universal audience that encompasses everyone and anyone to whom the law is directed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexandre Pereira de Jesus, Renata de Melo Cardoso Palmares, Felipe da Silva Triani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence in the use of contraceptive methods used in nursing degree students
The World Health Organization (WHO) mentions that contraceptive methods help reduce the rates of unwanted pregnancies. The lack of use of contraceptive methods in students who begin sexual relations has the risk of presenting unwanted pregnancies and in turn making it difficult or truncating the completion of their studies. The main objective was to evaluate the use of contraceptive methods in Nursing Bachelor's students. The type of study was observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional, sampling was not probabilistic for random convenience. The study was carried out with 106 undergraduate nursing students. The Aliaga instrument was applied, consisting of 13 questions, validated with a Cronbach's alpha test, 0.914, and analyzed with measures of central tendency and Spearman's statistical test. The prevalence of use of contraceptive methods in students is greater than 60%, obtaining 72% with a prevalence of the use of the male condom 53.77%. Followed by interrupted intercourse with 8.5%. And the beginning of relationships obtaining an average age of 16.8. No statistically significant differences were found in sociodemographic variables. In relation to age and use of contraceptive method, no statistical significance was found (p<.538), and a correlation coefficient in the use of methods of (-.061) was obtained, which suggests that the older the age, the less the use of contraceptive methods in the study sample.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brenda Haydee Gutierrez Miranda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Estrategias de afrontamiento en futbolistas de divisiones menores
The objective of this research was to identify the coping strategies used by athletes in the minor divisions of a soccer team when faced with stressful situations. It is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and a survey were used to identify stressful situations. The sample consisted of 50 soccer players from the youth divisions (U15 and U17 categories) of a professional club, aged between 14 and 17. The situation that causes the most stress for soccer players is the pressure to perform well and the pressure of social media, as well as the fear of injury. The most commonly used coping strategies are: problem solving, wishful thinking, cognitive restructuring, and seeking social support. Strengthening coping skills from an early age in soccer players not only helps them deal positively with stressful situations, but also improves their professional performance
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariela Narváez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Group cohesion conflicts and motivational climate in youth sports initiation at a rugby club
This study aimed to analyze group cohesion conflicts and motivational climate in a rugby introductory sports group, category M9 (9 years old), in Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina. The main objective was to identify and analyze their characteristics and causes, considering factors that influence their emergence and their impact on the group process. Using a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with the head coach and 8 children. Data analysis was carried out through linking discourses, practices, actors, and tools, framed within an interpretative analysis and supported by theoretical reference frameworks. The findings revealed conflicts of group cohesion and a negative motivational climate within the team. A lack of empathy and individualism in this case hinder teamwork. Constant criticism among teammates, demotivation, and exclusion of less skilled members were observed, generating tensions and fragmentation. Furthermore, the more competent children seem to dominate the dynamics, affecting participation and group cohesion. These behaviors reflect problems in interactions and may be influencing the overall demotivation, although their impact varies among group members.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joaquín Ricardo Diaz, Lilia Nakayama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje en Educación Física: Fundamentos, Retos y Propuestas
The aim of this paper is to introduce the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) within the field of Physical Education. It begins by establishing the conceptual foundations of UDL and inclusion in the classroom, starting with an analysis of classroom diversity, its recognition in current educational policy, and its impact on teaching practices. Based on UDL principles, realistic methodological strategies are proposed to apply UDL in the classroom, incorporating innovative approaches aimed at providing teachers with resources to overcome common barriers in teaching Physical Education in heterogeneous contexts. Heterogeneity is understood not only in terms of students with Special Educational Needs (SEN), but also includes the diverse realities teachers encounter daily, such as health problems, varying levels of motor competence, or differences in motivation, among others. The intended outcome of this proposal is not to offer universal solutions, but rather to provide teachers with practical examples, ideas, and principles that can be transferred to their own classrooms. The current lack of scientific evidence on the impact of UDL in Physical Education justifies the need to first establish its conceptual foundations and provide training for teachers, in order to extend the implementation of UDL within the Physical Education teaching community. Once this foundational goal is achieved, the potential for conducting empirical research in classrooms will increase significantly.
Artículos de divulgación y/o experiencias didácticas empíricas
Copyright (c) 2025 Javier Pinilla-Arbex https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Influence between physical activity and the basic fundamentals of volleyball - U14
This study analyzes the influence of physical activity on the basic fundamentals of volleyball in an academy located in the city of Tujillo, La Libertad, with the essence of understanding each component and sports processes. In addition, an analysis of various authors between the years 2020 to 2024 was carried out, integrating different research on the topic in question. Thus, after the data collection it was identified that the frequency, duration and intensity have an important positive relationship in the serve, reception and attack. The findings of utmost importance, arise from a frequent practice of the sport from 3 to 5 days a week, where in the same way a temporal duration of daily sessions is maintained; not less than 90 minutes, maintaining a moderate intensity for the learning of these fundamentals. For the collection and analysis of scientific data, a methodology with a quantitative approach was used, with a descriptive scope, of a basic type, with a non-experimental and correlational cross-sectional design. Likewise, surveys were conducted for both variables and an observation sheet to a group of 55 athletes, which is why an increase in improvement is identified, where these results are constructive aspects for the practice of sport. Which will be beneficial for each athlete, coaches and researchers in the near future. Finally we conclude that, by maintaining a constant practice of physical activity improves the cognitive performance in the teaching of the basic fundamentals of the sport of volleyball.
Copyright (c) 2025 LEOPAUL IGNACIO SÁNCHEZ, Edwin Alberto Lavaho Moreno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physical Education and Sport. Socio-cultural agents of health, identity and social transformation
Physical Education and sports are key elements of social transformation in the integral formation of students, transcending the merely physical to impact cognitive, emotional and social dimensions. This pedagogical and didactic discipline fosters healthy habits, strengthens values such as solidarity and responsibility, and contributes to the construction of identity and sense of belonging. Academic evidence supports the efficacy of school interventions that promote physical activity to prevent sedentary lifestyles, improve health and promote psychological well-being. Similarly, sport is a cultural and social phenomenon capable of generating community cohesion and support networks, especially in vulnerable contexts. Community sports programs have demonstrated their transformative power by promoting inclusion, cooperation and social development. Physical Education, approached from an integral perspective and with teachers prepared to contextualize its practice, is presented as a strategic space for the promotion of healthy lifestyles and the development of competencies for democratic coexistence. The authors highlight the need to overcome reductionist approaches and bet on a contextualized, inclusive and critically focused Physical Education that responds to the diversity of students and contemporary social challenges. This vision makes it possible to actively contribute to the construction of fairer, more equitable and cohesive societies, reaffirming the educational, formative and social value of Physical Education as an engine of change, transformation and collective well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miguel Israel Garcia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0